Category: Education

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in our overall health, from digestion to immune function and even mental well-being. But did you know that cannabis may have a positive impact on maintaining a balanced microbiome? Emerging research suggests that cannabinoids, such as CBD and THC, may help regulate gut and oral bacteria, reducing harmful pathogens while supporting beneficial microbes. Let’s explore how cannabis interacts with your microbiome and why it matters for your health.

 

Understanding the Microbiome: Gut and Oral Health Connection

 

The microbiome consists of trillions of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that reside in the gut and mouth. A well-balanced microbiome contributes to:

 

• Efficient Digestion & Nutrient Absorption – Beneficial bacteria help break down food and produce essential vitamins.
• Immune System Regulation – A healthy microbiome strengthens the immune response and reduces inflammation.
• Oral Health Protection – The oral microbiome prevents the overgrowth of harmful bacteria that cause cavities and gum disease.

 

However, factors like poor diet, stress, medications, and environmental toxins can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to dysbiosis—an imbalance linked to digestive issues, inflammation, and systemic diseases.

 

How Cannabis May Support a Healthy Microbiome

 

Cannabis contains bioactive compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes, that interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—a regulatory network that helps maintain homeostasis in various bodily functions, including microbial balance. Here’s how cannabis may contribute to microbiome health:

 

1. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties

 

• Cannabinoids like CBD and CBG have been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, potentially helping conditions like Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
• Some cannabinoids exhibit antimicrobial effects, which may help control harmful bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, a major contributor to tooth decay.

 

2. Modulating Gut Bacteria

 

• Research suggests that THC and CBD may influence the composition of gut bacteria, promoting the growth of beneficial microbes while suppressing harmful ones.
• By reducing gut permeability (often referred to as “leaky gut”), cannabinoids may help prevent unwanted toxins and bacteria from entering the bloodstream, supporting immune function.

 

3. Supporting Oral Health

 

• The antibacterial effects of cannabis-derived compounds could help fight periodontal disease, reducing the risk of gum infections and tooth loss.
• CBD-infused oral care products are emerging as natural alternatives to traditional antimicrobial mouthwashes, which often disrupt beneficial bacteria along with harmful ones.

 

Why Microbiome Health Matters for Overall Wellness

 

Your microbiome doesn’t just impact digestion and oral health—it influences:

 

• Mental Health: The gut-brain axis connects microbiome balance to mood regulation, stress levels, and cognitive function.
• Metabolism & Weight Management: A diverse microbiome is linked to healthier metabolic function and reduced risk of obesity.
• Immune Resilience: Maintaining microbial balance can lower the risk of infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.

 

How to Incorporate Cannabis for Microbiome Health

 

If you’re considering cannabis as a tool for microbiome support, here are some ways to integrate it into your wellness routine:

 

1. CBD-Rich Oils & Edibles – Consider full-spectrum CBD oils or edibles to harness the anti-inflammatory and gut-supportive benefits.
2. Cannabis-Infused Oral Care – Use cannabinoid infused mouthwashes or consider adding CBD tincture drops to your toothpaste for antibacterial protection without disrupting your oral microbiome.
3. Pair with Probiotics & Prebiotics – Support a healthy gut by combining cannabis use with fiber-rich foods and probiotic supplements.
4. Mindful Consumption – Avoid smoking, as it can introduce harmful toxins that may negatively affect microbiome health. Opt for tinctures, capsules, or vaporizers instead.

 

Final Thoughts

 

Your microbiome is a vital component of your health, influencing everything from digestion to immune defense and mental well-being. Cannabis, with its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and gut-modulating properties, may offer a natural way to support microbiome balance. As research continues to evolve, cannabis-based therapies could become a key tool in promoting gut and oral health holistically.

The cannabis industry has long been dominated by men, but trailblazers like Whitney Beatty, CEO of Josephine & Billie’s, are rewriting the narrative. As a Black woman entrepreneur, Whitney has faced challenges head-on, creating spaces that honor the legacy of women of color in cannabis while inspiring the next generation of female leaders.

 

In this exclusive Women’s Month feature, Whitney shares her journey, the obstacles she’s overcome, and her vision for the future of women in cannabis.

 

Overcoming Challenges as a Woman in Cannabis

 

The cannabis industry still operates like a boys’ club in many ways. Whitney recalls walking into rooms where she was underestimated, overlooked, or assumed to be someone’s assistant rather than the decision-maker. And as a Black woman in cannabis, those challenges multiply.

 

“But here’s the thing: I refuse to shrink,” Whitney says. “I’ve learned to own my space unapologetically, to speak up even when the room isn’t ready to listen, and to build a network of like-minded women who lift each other up. Community is everything. We don’t just break down doors; we build new ones for the women coming after us.”

 

This unwavering determination has allowed Whitney to carve out her own space in the industry, proving that representation matters and that women of color in cannabis deserve to lead and thrive.

 

Building a Legacy: Josephine & Billie’s

 

One of Whitney’s proudest achievements is the creation of Josephine & Billie’s, a dispensary that goes beyond selling cannabis—it honors the legacy of Black and Brown women in the industry.

 

“Creating a place where women—especially women of color—feel seen, safe, and celebrated is something that fuels me every day,” Whitney shares.

 

But her impact doesn’t stop at the dispensary doors. Through social media, speaking engagements, and grassroots conversations, Whitney is shifting the narrative around cannabis, wellness, and generational wealth. She challenges outdated perceptions and highlights the power of cannabis as a tool for healing and economic empowerment.

 

The Future of Women in Cannabis

 

Women are no longer waiting for a seat at the table—we’re building our own.

 

“The future of cannabis is female, and we’re proving that every day,” Whitney says. “I see more women stepping into leadership roles, from dispensary owners to cultivators to policymakers. I see us reclaiming our ancestral knowledge of plant medicine and using it to heal our communities. And I see us demanding equity—not just in words but in actions. The industry thrives when women thrive, and that shift is already happening.”

 

From business ownership to advocacy, women in cannabis are changing the game, making space for diverse voices, inclusive policies, and community-driven innovation.

 

The Message Women Need to Hear

 

Whitney’s mission is clear: Women belong in cannabis.

 

“Women have been healers, entrepreneurs, and advocates in this space long before it was legal, profitable, or trendy. And yet, we’re still fighting for visibility, investment, and respect. That has to change.”

 

She emphasizes that cannabis is more than just an industry—it’s a movement tied to culture, wellness, and social justice. Women bring a unique perspective to these conversations, and their contributions deserve to be recognized.

 

“So whether you’re a consumer, an investor, an educator, or a business owner, your voice matters. We’re not just participants in this industry—we’re its backbone.”

 

Advice for Women Entering the Cannabis Industry

 

For women looking to break into cannabis or scale their businesses, Whitney offers this advice:

 

• Know your worth—and then add tax. Don’t wait for permission to step into this industry. Do your research, build your network, and move with confidence.
• Find your people. This space can be tough, but when you surround yourself with other women who get it, the journey feels less lonely. Seek out mentorship, partnerships, and collaborations that align with your vision.
• Stay true to your purpose. There will be challenges, but remember why you started. Whether you’re here to create, heal, educate, or advocate—your impact matters.

 

“Go for it, unapologetically,” Whitney encourages.

Final Thoughts: Women are the Backbone of Cannabis

 

Whitney Beatty’s journey is proof that women in cannabis are not just breaking barriers—they’re setting new standards. Through leadership, advocacy, and resilience, she is paving the way for a more inclusive and equitable industry.

 

As Women’s Month shines a light on the contributions of female leaders, it’s clear that women are not just shaping the future of cannabis—they are its foundation.

Follow Whitney Beatty & Josephine & Billie’s

 

🔗 Josephine & Billie’s Website
📱@TheHighMommyLife

February is a month associated with love and intimacy, but can often put pressure on individuals who struggle with intimacy. Intimacy avoidance has been considered a form of anxiety and affects more than just romantic relationships. Forming an emotional or physical closeness with another person can be incredibly intimidating to some, creating difficulties in spiritual, emotional, and intellectual bonding.  

 

Spiritual Connection: Feeling Deeply Understood and Related To

 

Beyond a physical and emotional connection is a spiritual connection, often tied to shared beliefs, values, and/or a sense of purpose. 

 

Cannabis has been connected to spiritual practices for thousands of years through religious ceremonies and indigenous traditions. Despite the notion that cannabis may have spiritual benefit, it has not been deeply explored in psychological research. An online survey in 2016 received 1,087 responses to questions about cannabis use and spirituality. To the question: “Have you ever gotten spiritual benefit from cannabis?” 66% responded “yes”. 

 

A further analysis was performed to understand the difference between those who indicated a spiritual benefit and those who did not. Subscales addressed variables such as which participants were able to give their full attention to the present moment. Results were consistent with how cultures and religious traditions have used cannabis in practice over time. While better understanding of motivations to have spiritual experiences among cannabis users should be looked at more closely through research, motivations for cannabis use in general are strongly correlated to stress, depression, and anxiety. Eliminating these barriers allow us to connect deeply and medicinal cannabis may reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms in clinically anxious and depressed populations. 

 

Emotional Connection: Sharing Inner Feelings and Vulnerability

 

The ability to express one’s thoughts and feelings about stressors (emotional expression), is a commonly used coping strategy and predicts better psychological and physical benefit. Evidence suggests that social anxiety is associated with emotional expression and that it may even cause difficulties in the context of a romantic relationship. 

 

A literature review published in 2022 concluded that the current literature suggests cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). In examining efficacy among various populations, acute CBD administration improved social anxiety among healthy volunteers as well as those with SAD. 

 

While the relationship between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and mood disorders is complex, evidence indicates that acute THC use may alleviate depressive symptoms, relax mood, and promote connection with others among a significant number of people. 

 

A study published in 2022 investigated psychological effects from cannabis consumption among otherwise healthy individuals. The study concluded by stating, “cannabis may simply prove useful among people seeking to incorporate a heightened sense of prosociality in their daily activities and psychological perspectives” (Vigil, et al. 2022). 

 

The emphasis in this regard should be on the previously mentioned “acute” THC administration. Understanding that cannabis use is not one-size-fits all and starting with low amounts is critical to helping you find success with your therapy. If needed, free guidance is also available to support you on your journey. 

 

Intellectual Connection: Engaging in Stimulating Conversation, Sharing Ideas

 

Engaging in meaningful conversations may feel challenging due to performance anxiety or difficulty concentrating. As discussed previously, studies have shown potential benefits to various types of anxiety. This includes “state anxiety”, which is anxiety that arises in a particular situation such as a high-pressure environment where one is called on to perform. Difficulty concentrating is the most common diagnostic criterion with emotional disorders and is proposed to be one mechanism by which worry increases clinical severity. 

 

CBD’s influence on brain function has gained the attention of the research community. Recent research suggests that CBD use for those with pathological conditions may see improved cognitive processes. This includes improved attention, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory. Research thus far has led CBD to be proposed as a novel therapeutic option across several diagnoses to include psychosis, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and autism spectrum disorders.

 

In 2021 a systematic review was published, observing CBD for the treatment of psychotic and anxiety disorders. The studies that met inclusion criteria investigated the acute effects of CBD on brain function while in a state or rest or during cognitive tasks. For healthy volunteers, CBD showed to modulate brain activity when it came to emotional processing, verbal memory, response inhibition, and auditory/visual processing. For volunteers with a clinical high risk for psychosis or with diagnosed psychosis, acute CBD use showed intermediate brain activity during cognitive tasks.

 

Conclusion

 

Intimacy is an essential part of human connection, yet many struggle with the vulnerability and openness it requires. Anxiety and other barriers can make these connections difficult and if you or someone you know finds intimacy challenging, know that you are not alone. 

 

Research suggests that cannabis may offer support by reducing stress, alleviating social anxiety, and improving cognition, allowing for individuals to be more present and engaged in their relationships. However, cannabis is not a one-size-fits-all approach or solution; responsible use and guidance are key.

 

If you are interested in incorporating cannabis in some form into your holistic health routine, Realm of Caring offers free, one-on-one guidance to help navigate products, dosing, and responsible use. You are not in this alone, support and education are available.

 

In today’s fast-paced world, managing chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes can feel overwhelming. However, adopting a holistic approach to health can empower you to take control of your wellness journey. But what exactly does “holistic health” mean, and why is it important?

 

What is Holistic Health?

 

Holistic health is about treating the whole person rather than just addressing specific symptoms. This includes approaches to your mind, body, and spirit. It emphasizes balance, prevention, and overall well-being by integrating various natural and evidence-based therapies to support the body’s innate ability to heal. For individuals managing type 2 diabetes, this means looking beyond blood sugar levels to consider lifestyle, diet, mental health, and even complementary therapies like cannabis and functional mushrooms.

 

Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Diabetes Management

 

The cannabis plant has both major and minor cannabinoids as well as terpenes and flavonoids which have shown promise in supporting overall wellness, including metabolic health. Research suggests cannabinoids may help to:

 

• Reduce inflammation: Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in insulin resistance and diabetes complications. The cannabis plant not only has anti-inflammatory cannabinoids such as THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBC, and CBG (to name a few) but it also contains anti-inflammatory terpenes such as caryophyllene, borneol, nerolidol, linalool, limonene, and pinene among the most popular. In addition, the other, less studied, compounds of the cannabis plant are the flavonoids that share the same mechanisms of some of these terpenes. Cannflavins A, B, and C are among some of the flavonoids with researched anti-inflammatory actions.
• Regulate weight: An intriguing aspect of weight loss research is the role of CBD in promoting the browning of fat cells. This process is essential for generating heat by burning calories, aiding in weight loss. CBD, a major cannabinoid found in cannabis, may contribute to the transformation of white fat into brown fat, which is more metabolically active and burns more calories.
• Support cardiovascular health: CBD may help reduce hypertension and influence the survival and death of white blood cells, white blood cell migration, and platelet aggregation, all of which may help to delay or prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. 
• Improve adipogenesis (a process essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis): CBG and CBG/CBD combinations provided similar results as rosiglitazone, supporting the exploration of CBG as a potential therapeutic for metabolic syndrome and related conditions. 

 

If you’re considering cannabinoid therapy, ensure you’re using high-quality products with clear labeling to avoid harmful contaminants (this guide can help).

 

Functional Mushrooms: Nature’s Allies

 

Functional mushrooms (also referred to as medicinal mushrooms in research) refer to mushroom-types utilized in functional medicine that are not psychedelic, rather are distinguished by their adaptogenic properties that offer support beyond nutritional value for immune system health, stress response, and brain health. They exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity and may be consumed in several forms. While the full potential of functional mushrooms has yet to be realized, several are being looked to for their possible health benefits, to include:

 

• Improved blood sugar (and blood pressure): Reishi mushrooms may lower blood sugar and blood pressure due to the beta-glucans and triterpenoids they contain. Many species, including shiitake mushrooms may help to lower blood glucose levels. 
• Enhanced immunity: Diabetes can weaken the immune system, and mushrooms like reishi, lion’s mane, chaga, and cordyceps can provide vital immune support.
• Stress reduction: Adaptogenic properties in mushrooms like lion’s mane, reishi, and cordyceps may reduce stress. Historically mushrooms have been utilized to reduce both physical and mental stress, which may assist in the management of diabetes and digestive issues. 

 

Lifestyle and Supplement Support

 

A holistic approach to managing diabetes doesn’t stop with cannabinoids or mushrooms. Incorporate these practical steps to further support your journey:

 

• Nutrition: Focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods. A low-glycemic diet with plenty of fiber may help to stabilize blood sugar.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and overall energy.
• Stress Management: Techniques like mindfulness, yoga, and deep breathing can reduce cortisol levels, which impact blood sugar.

 

Simplifying the Path to Wellness

 

Holistic health is about integration, not perfection. Start small by incorporating one or two changes into your routine. For example:

 

• Swap sugary snacks for fiber-rich alternatives.
• Drink tea to wind down after a stressful day.
• Contact a Realm of Caring care specialist for how to incorporate a CBD product into your daily regimen. 

 

Remember, progress is more important than perfection. Each step you take brings you closer to better health.

 

A Brighter Future Through Holistic Health

 

Type 2 diabetes management doesn’t have to be daunting. By embracing a holistic approach, you can nurture your body and mind while exploring natural solutions like cannabis, functional mushrooms, and supportive lifestyle changes. Let this journey inspire you to discover what works best for you and unlock a healthier, more balanced life.

In recent years, there has been a concerning trend in accidental cannabis exposure among children, particularly during the holiday season. While childproof packaging provides an initial barrier, true cannabis safety requires a more comprehensive approach. Let’s explore why proper storage is crucial and how to create a safer environment for everyone in your household.

 

Understanding the Risk: Why Childproof Isn’t Enough

 

Standard childproof packaging, while important, represents only the first line of defense in cannabis safety. Recent data from Colorado shows a significant increase in hospital visits for accidental cannabis consumption among children ages 6-12. The reality is that curious minds often find ways around supposedly “childproof” containers, with studies indicating that 60% of these containers can be compromised in under five minutes.

 

Creating a Secure Cannabis Storage System

 

Essential Elements of Safe Storage

 

1. Locked Storage Solutions
   • Use containers with combination locks
   • Store in areas inaccessible to children
   • Consider dedicated storage cabinets
2. Location Considerations
   • Keep products away from common areas
   • Store separately from regular household items
   • Choose elevated or locked spaces
3. Travel and Holiday Safety
   • Use portable locked storage during travel
   • Maintain consistent security away from home
   • Double-check locks when changing environments

 

Holiday Season: Extra Precautions Required

 

The holiday season brings unique challenges for cannabis storage safety:

 

• Increased home visitors
• Changes in routine
• Travel to different environments
• More distractions and activities

 

Holiday Safety Checklist

 

1. Before Guests Arrive:
   • Secure all cannabis products in locked storage
   • Review and update storage locations
   • Ensure all products are properly labeled
2. While Traveling:
   • Use portable security solutions
   • Keep emergency contacts readily available
   • Never leave products in unsecured locations

 

Professional Storage Solutions vs. Common Misconceptions

 

Many people mistakenly believe that:

 

• High shelves are sufficient storage
• Medicine cabinets are secure enough
• Standard drawers provide adequate protection

 

However, proper cannabis storage should include:

 

• Odor control features
• Combination locks
• Portable security options
• Durable, child-resistant materials

 

Creating a Culture of Safety

 

Responsible cannabis storage isn’t just about having the right equipment – it’s about developing consistent habits and awareness. Think of cannabis storage the same way you would prescription medications: requiring deliberate, secure storage practices.

 

Best Practices for Ongoing Safety

 

• Regular safety audits of storage solutions
• Updated emergency contact information
• Clear family communication about storage rules
• Immediate securing of products after use

 

The Impact of Proper Storage

 

Taking cannabis storage seriously isn’t just about preventing accidents – it’s about creating peace of mind and promoting responsible use. When we implement proper storage solutions, we:

 

• Protect vulnerable household members
• Set a positive example for responsible use
• Create safer communities
• Prevent unnecessary emergencies

 

Moving Forward

 

Cannabis storage safety requires going beyond basic childproof packaging to create truly secure storage solutions. Whether you’re a regular user or occasional consumer, implementing comprehensive storage practices helps ensure everyone’s safety.

 

Our partners StashLogix create storage solutions specifically designed to keep cannabis secure and out of reach. Because peace of mind shouldn’t be left to chance. They’ve so kindly offered RoC readers 15% OFF any purchase the entire month of December 2024. Just use code ROCSAFE15 at checkout.

The aroma of roasting turkey, the warmth of family gathering, and yes – for many cannabis consumers – the traditional “cousin walk” around the block. Welcome to Danksgiving, where ancient plant medicine meets modern holiday traditions.

 

The History of Cannabis and Celebration

 

Long before the term “Danksgiving” entered our vocabulary, cannabis has been part of communal celebrations across cultures. From ancient Chinese harvest festivals to Jamaican reasoning sessions, cannabis has historically brought people together. Today, that tradition continues around many Thanksgiving tables – whether openly or on the down-low.

 

Mindful Consumption for Maximum Thanks

 

As a cannabis educator, I’m often asked about the best consumption methods for family gatherings. Here’s my carefully curated guide to keeping your holiday both elevated and elegant:

 

Terpene Profiles to Consider

 

• Limonene: Found in strains like Super Lemon Haze, this uplifting terpene can help maintain social energy while dealing with that uncle who won’t stop talking politics. But be careful, this terpene can also be too energizing for some and can induce anxiety.
• Myrcene: Present in strains like Granddaddy Purple, it can help with the post-feast food coma and relaxation.
• Beta-Caryophyllene: Found in Wedding Cake strain, this terpene may help ease digestive discomfort from overindulging in stuffing.

 

Strategic Timing Tips

 

1. Pre-Meal Socializing: Consider a micro-dose of a hybrid strain to stay present and engaged during family catch-ups. (maybe a well-balanced strain like a gelato? I don’t like label indica, hybrid or sativa as suggestions.)
2. The Famous “Cousin Walk”: An age-old tradition that’s really about more than just “getting some air.”
3. Post-Feast Relaxation: When it’s time to settle in for football or board games, a relaxing indica-leaning strain might be perfect.

 

Breaking the Green Ice

 

Thanksgiving 2024 might be the perfect time to have those candid cannabis conversations with family. Here’s why:

 

• Cannabis is now legal for medical use in 38 states
• Recent research continues to validate therapeutic benefits
• Stigma is decreasing as education increases
• Holiday gatherings provide natural opportunities for meaningful discussions

 

Starting the Conversation

 

Here are some natural ways to bring up the topic that I’ve found effective with my own family:

 

When someone mentions their health challenges: “You know, Aunt Sarah, I recently learned about how some people are managing their arthritis with cannabis-derived topicals. They’re nothing like what you might be thinking – they don’t get you high at all. Would you be interested in learning more about how they work?”

 

When discussing current events: “I saw an interesting report about how many veterans are finding relief through medical cannabis programs. It’s amazing how far the research has come in understanding this plant medicine. Did you know many doctors are now recommending it for PTSD and chronic pain?”

 

When someone expresses curiosity: “I actually just read about a study from [major medical institution] about cannabis and inflammation. The science behind it is fascinating – would you like me to share what I learned?”

 

When discussing career changes or industry growth: “The medical cannabis industry has created over 400,000 jobs in healthcare, research, and patient care. I’ve been learning so much about how it’s helping people improve their quality of life.”

 

Remember, the goal isn’t to convince anyone but to open a dialogue. Listen more than you speak, acknowledge concerns, and share information from reputable sources when asked.

 

Respectful Consumption Tips

 

Remember, being a responsible cannabis consumer helps normalize its use:

 

• Respect non-consuming family members
• Keep consumption discrete if needed
• Have factual information ready for curious relatives
• Know your limits – thanksgiving is a marathon, not a sprint

 

Moving Forward Together

 

As we gather this Thanksgiving, remember that cannabis consumers come from all walks of life – doctors, teachers, parents, and yes, maybe even Aunt Karen. By being informed, responsible, and open, we help bridge the gap between old stigmas and new understandings.

 

Whether you’re openly sharing your favorite strain with family or taking that subtle walk around the block, remember that you’re part of a growing community of individuals helping to normalize plant medicine.

 

Stay elevated and educated!

 

Tammy Pettigrew is a cannabis advocate, educator, and consultant. Follow her @thecannabiscutie for more cannabis education and insights.

Our collective knowledge of the benefits of the cannabis plant for epilepsy continues to increase year after year. In addition to seizure reduction, we have learned through the literature that cannabis use may be attributed to an increase in the overall quality of life for one living with an epilepsy diagnosis. These improvements can range from decreased side effects of pharmaceuticals to better sleep and lessened anxiety. 

 

It has been discovered that approximately one-third of individuals living with epilepsy do not respond well to conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and are therefore considered to have Treatment Resistant Epilepsy or Drug Resistant Epilepsy (TRE/DRE). This creates a demand for an antiepileptic solution that has reportedly better efficacy and less adverse effects.

 

In this blog you will find historical uses of cannabis for epilepsy, current research across various epilepsy diagnoses with cannabidiol (CBD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidvarin (CBDV), and additional resources for support. 

 

Historical Uses of Cannabis for Epilepsy

 

Historical uses of cannabis and hemp for medicinal reasons date back thousands of years. Ancient Sumerian and Akkadian tablets found in the Middle East from as early as 1800 BCE record the use of cannabis for nocturnal convulsions. Arabic literature from around 1100 CE from Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Mayusi has been translated to state “the juice of the leaves of cannabis instilled in the nostril serves to treat epilepsy”, also suggesting that the active ingredient was tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). 

 

The first clinical application for cannabis and epilepsy, however, is known to have taken place in the early 19th century with Irish physician William O’Shaughnessy, an army surgeon who served in India. In what can be considered the first detailed modern study of the use of cannabis-based products for anti-seizure benefits, he published his findings in 1843 after testing the behavioral effects in several mammals, fish, and birds. Among these subjects was a 40-day old baby girl with recurrent convulsive episodes. She initially responded well and after a few weeks of trials with various cannabis tinctures, taken under the tongue (sublingually), her convulsions had stopped. Several months later, O’Shaughnessy had noted that “the child is now in the enjoyment of robust health, and has regained her natural plump and happy appearance.” 

 

From here, notice was taken across physicians in Europe and North America and by 1850 cannabis had made its way as “marijuana” into the United States Pharmacopeia, listing it as a treatment for numerous afflictions, including: neuralgia, tetanus, typhus, cholera, rabies, dysentery, alcoholism, opiate addiction, anthrax, leprosy, incontinence, gout, convulsive disorders, tonsillitis, insanity, excessive menstrual bleeding, and uterine bleeding, among others. In 1881 Neurologist Sir William Gowers wrote of the use of cannabis for seizure control in his monograph Epilepsy and Other Convulsive Disorders. 

 

By the early 20th century, references to cannabis extractions and tinctures began to fall out in favor of Western medicine (notably phenobarbital in 1912 and phenytoin in 1937). With this, and with the soon prohibition of cannabis, the therapeutic claims and those first clinical trials took a backseat. 

 

Despite this, chemists and pharmacologists began diving into the chemical characteristics of the active ingredients and effects on biological activity. Specifically the molecular structures of THC and CBD were investigated by Dr. Raphael Mechoulam in Israel, famously known as the “father of cannabis research”. 

 

Researchers began to look more at CBD as potential for anti-seizure therapeutic benefits, as promising results in animal models were reviewed. Anecdotal and pre-clinical evidence increased over the years, and with the discovery of cannabinoid receptors in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, renewed interest in the understanding of therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in how they may modulate the endocannabinoid system came about. 

 

While smaller scale studies took place to consider the efficacy of CBD, larger scale studies began to emerge around 2015 when neurologist Orrin Devinksy and colleagues observed the antiepileptic effect of CBD among over 200 participants, ages 1-30. Their findings suggested that CBD may reduce seizure frequency and may also have an adequate safety profile in children and young adults with highly treatment-resistant epilepsy, warranting future trials. 

 

Realm of Caring Published Research 

 

It was around this time that Realm of Caring began enrolling participants for an Observational Research Registry in collaboration with Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Between April 2016 and July 2020, 1,783 individuals enrolled in this online, self-reported survey. Of the enrolled individuals, 418 participants were identified to understand benefits for epilepsy where 93% had listed epilepsy as their primary medical condition with the remaining noting epilepsy as a secondary medical condition. In this sample size, there were 71 adults and 209 adult caregivers of children or dependent adults who were utilizing CBD products for medicinal use. In addition, there was a control group of 29 adults and 109 adult caregivers who were considering CBD use but had not yet begun. In-depth information from 110 participants in the study helped to conclude that the calculated median dose of CBD was 50mg/day, which equated to 1.4mg/kg/day. 

 

The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate how CBD product use is associated with quality of life, mental health, healthcare utilization, and epilepsy-specific outcomes within a large, observational group of people with epilepsy. 

 

Compared with controls, CBD Users had a greater health satisfaction, higher ratings of quality of life, and better scores on psychological health. Taking a deeper look, CBD Users reported lower anxiety and depression and improved sleep scores. 

 

Other findings that were of significance relate to pharmaceutical use, healthcare visits, and caregiver burden. CBD Users had lower instances of reported prescription medication use, lower medication-related adverse effects, less ER visits, and less missing school and/or work days. In addition, caregivers of CBD Users that noted consistent use through the follow-up period reported significant decreases in the Caregiver Burden total score. 

 

The strides that have been made in recognizing cannabis compounds for their clinical benefit to epilepsy are evident in that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency have approved a CBD isolate pharmaceutical, Epidiolex, for TRE in patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) and Dravet Syndrome. Since the 2018 debut of Epidiolex, it has been approved for additional uses and further research, including that of other cannabis compounds, has taken place.  

 

Additional Cannabinoid Research From the Last Two Years

 

Pediatric neurologist Ellen N. Hurley published findings in early 2022 looking at five female children with Rett Syndrome and, consequently, TRE. As animal studies have demonstrated an anti-seizure effect and favorable safety profile for CBDV, the compound was used in this study to determine the safety and tolerability of it for pediatric Rett Syndrome patients. An oral CBDV solution was provided and all five witnessed a reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency. 

 

A systematic review published in October 2022 sought to assess the effects of CBD in epilepsy patients. In conclusion, the study showed that CBD is highly efficacious both as a standalone and adjunct therapy with clobazam for controlling seizures while limiting side effects. 

 

A study published in November 2022 analyzed thirty-five patients who were respectively prescribed CBD isolate oils, CBD broad spectrum oils, and CBD:THC combination oils. Results showed that 65.7% of patients achieved a seizure frequency of greater than or equal to 50%, demonstrating a positive signal of improved seizure frequency in children treated with cannabis-based medicinal products for treatment-resistant epilepsies. 

 

Observational findings published in Pediatric Neurology in October 2023 support the effectiveness of purified CBD as an add-on therapy in everyday clinical practice, as researched among a mixed population of patients with DRE.

 

In April 2024, findings were published on the effect of cannabinol (CBN) and cannabichromene (CBC) on seizure activity. CBN’s shown potential to reduce seizures is hypothesized to involve modulations of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. CBC, another non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has a selective enhancing effect on the GABA(A) receptor. In addition to potential epilepsy therapy, this cannabinoid may have potential uses for pain, anxiety, and sedative-hypnotic therapy.

 

Recap: 5 Things to Consider When Starting Cannabinoid Therapy for Epilepsy

 

1. There is published research to support benefits, which you do not have to navigate on your own. Realm of Caring features a library of these findings and a care team on standby to offer free one-on-one guidance as you read through. 
2. AED interactions are possible. An assessment of data suggests that changes in serum levels of AEDs taken with cannabinoid administration have been generally minor for the majority tested and may be well-tolerated. However it should be taken into consideration that several cannabinoids are processed by the body’s cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) system. Therefore it is best to consult with your doctor when co-administering cannabinoids with drugs that are also metabolized by enzymes CYP3A4 or CYP2C19. 
3. Patience and the biphasic response are helpful when setting expectations. Administration may be made complicated by the non-linear response of cannabinoids and we should be cautioned to assume that higher amounts of cannabinoids will yield enhanced therapeutic effects. Realm of Caring care specialists abide by the “start low and go slow” method; a strategy with a goal to find a therapeutic dose at the lowest possible amount. 
4. There are a variety of administration and extraction methods available. The first and most commonly used administration method would be sublingual or buccal administration with an oil or tincture. Individuals also administer by capsule or tablet, through g or j tube, and rectally as a suppository. For extractions of CBD, we have isolate, broad spectrum, full spectrum as well as formulations that include additional, natural supplements. There are also a variety of processes to extract the plant compounds. When looking for what may be most effective for you, a Realm of Caring care specialist is here to help, starting you with a quality product. 
5. You are not alone. In addition to the Realm of Caring care team, there is a community to support you. Many resources are available for connecting to services or more information. Reach out to our team by calling 719-347-5400 or emailing [email protected].