Category: Education

Arthritis and Cannabinoid Therapy

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date September 7, 2021

Arthritis is one of the most widespread health conditions in the United States, affecting over 54 million men and women and 300,000 children. Arthritis appears in many forms, with the most common being osteoarthritis (OA), followed by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis.

As of today, there is no cure for arthritis (as well as rheumatic conditions), rather recommendations for combination therapies such as increasing physical activity, weight loss, OTC pain relievers, crutches or canes, surgery, and cannabinoid therapy due to recent research.

What is the Endocannabinoid System?

Our Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is the largest neurotransmitter system in the body, composed of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and metabolizing enzymes. Endocannabinoids are arguably one of the most widespread and versatile signaling molecules known to man. Two key endocannabinoids that have been identified are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). The endocannabinoids activate different receptors throughout the body and brain called CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are found in high levels in the brain and central nervous system; whereas CB2 receptors are found in numerous immune cells and the peripheral nervous system. Modulation and activation of the cannabinoid receptors by endocannabinoids can have various effects within the body.

How does ECS play a role in arthritis and rheumatoid conditions?

In a study with 32 osteoarthritis patients and 13 rheumatoid arthritis patients, it was found that cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor protein and RNA, as well as the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG are present in the synovia of patients with end-stage OA and RA. This study helps to predict that the cannabinoid receptor system present in the connective tissue that lines the inside of a joint (synovium) may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with both OA and RA. As was seen in this study, the endocannabinoids were present in the OA and RA patients where in healthy volunteers, those endocannabinoids were not present.

In additional studies, the presence of cannabinoid receptors on cells of the immune system and anecdotal and historical evidence suggests that cannabis use has potent immunomodulatory effects. This has led to research directed at understanding the function and role of these receptors within the context of immunomodulating effects of cannabis in humans, animals and in vitro studies of immune cells, such as t-cells that have also provided important evidence.

These findings have led researchers to discover the role endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids may have on inflammation and pain within the body, as well as our immune cells.

Researched pain and inflammation relieving benefits of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are commonly investigated as pain-relieving agents, but in recent years more evidence has accumulated on their potential immunomodulatory effect, supported by results in animal models of certain rheumatic diseases. While results that demonstrate the same effect in humans are lacking, cannabinoids and cannabis remain potential options to alleviate the pain associated with rheumatic diseases, as they were shown as safe and causing little to no adverse effects.

It has also been suggested that cannabinoids have an inflammatory-modulating benefit that could offer therapeutic effects, as cannabinoids were shown to have overall anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells. These results were reinforced by studies in animal models of RA and systemic sclerosis.

Animal models also suggest a possible therapeutic quality for cannabinoids in RA, with three studies using a rodent model with collagen-induced arthritis showing a beneficial effect of the cannabinoid CBD and synthetic cannabinoids JWH-133 and HU-308. These substances were found to be associated with clinical improvement. CBD was associated with a decrease in cytokine release and production as well as a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation.

A study with 31 patients with RA suffering from chronic pain were given Sativex (a THC-CBD mouth spray legally prescribed in UK and mainland Europe) and 27 were given a placebo, the controlled trial showed a significant analgesic effect and disease activity suppression. Pain parameters and sleep both improved. In addition, the study found no serious adverse effects in the active treatment group.

CBD Benefits

We know through research that CBD has a wide spectrum of biological activity, including anti-inflammatory activity. This is why its activity in the prevention and treatment of diseases whose development is associated with inflammation has been tested. Based on current research results, the potential to utilize CBD for the treatment of diabetes, arthritis, as well as cardiovascular disease, cancer, anxiety, psychosis, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and skin disease is being considered. Clinical studies have confirmed that CBD reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits t-cell proliferation, induces t cell apoptosis and reduces migration and adhesion of immune cells.

In addition, CBD creates a physiological response with several inflammatory mediator receptors within us. These are known as the PPARy, GPR, and Adenosine A2A Receptors.

THC Benefits

The anti-inflammatory contributions of THC are also extensively studied, showing PGE-2 synthesis, decreased platelet aggregation, and stimulation of lipoxygenase, all actions related to reducing inflammation. THC has 20 times the anti-inflammatory potency of aspirin and twice that of hydrocortisone.

Benefits of minor cannabinoids and terpenes

Other minor cannabinoids in the cannabis plant may also contribute to anti-inflammatory activity. cannabichromene (CBC) was studied with mice, showing that it helped to increase intestinal motility by lessening intestinal inflammation.

Animal studies have also shown Cannabigerol (CBG) to reduce the effects of inflammatory-related conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. CBG has also been shown to have potent pain relieving abilities.

The terpenes in cannabis additionally show analgesic and anti-inflammatory attributes. Myrcene is analgesic and blocks inflammation. The sesquiterpene, B-caryophyllene, also shows promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

If you are seeking data-driven answers to your questions about this cannabinoid therapy and arthritis, Realm of Caring (RoC) can help. RoC has 8 years of collected data and research based on individuals utilizing plant-based therapies. They can guide you through product selection, dosing and administration, how to talk with your doctor, and the results individuals are realizing.

The research that has been completed suggests the benefit of cannabinoid therapy for arthritis and rheumatic conditions. Clinical trials and anecdotal evidence helps to point towards starting amounts and methods of administration, particularly for CBD and THC. However, to fully understand the utility of minor cannabinoids mentioned, human data is still necessary.

The RoC Care Team is here to assist. They care a lot about helping you to find success. Reach them by calling (719) 347-5400, emailing info@realmofcaring.org, or by scheduling an appointment.

Disclaimer

The Realm of Caring Foundation specifically invokes the first amendment rights of freedom of speech and of the press without prejudice. These statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. the products discussed are not intended to diagnose, cure, prevent or treat any disease. Realm of Caring always recommends when and wherever possible that licensed local healthcare professionals be consulted.

The Realm of Caring Foundation is an independent nonprofit with its own governing board. We do not produce or sell cannabinoid products, nor do we receive funds from the sale of other company’s products.

Blog Education

Understanding CBN

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date August 31, 2021

Photo Credit: Elsa Olofsson, CBD Oracle

As far as phytocannabinoids go, there is a new kid on the block that is gaining attention. This minor phytocannabinoid that has caught the attention of both users and researchers goes by the name of cannabinol (CBN).

CBN is a byproduct of THC as it breaks down after being stored for a long period of time. Research shows that CBN can be found in higher amounts in aged cannabis as decarboxylation occurs. The longer the cannabis is stored after harvest, the higher the concentration of CBN.

CBN is non-intoxicating just like many other phytocannabinoids. CBN is best known for its potential sleep benefits. Some refer to it as “the sleeper cannabinoid,” despite research not confirming it as a sedative molecule. This article explains everything that you need to know about CBN.

Is CBN Legal?

The legality of CBN is confusing, just like that of the cannabis plant. The federal government lists cannabis, and its numerous compounds, under schedule 1. That means CBN is also listed in that category.

However, since the Agricultural Act of 2018 legalized hemp at the federal level, compounds derived from hemp are legal. Does this make CBN legal? Hemp-derived CBN is therefore legal, but the THC amount must not exceed 0.3%.

What are the Benefits of CBN?

Research on hemp-derived compounds are still in the preliminary stage. In a nutshell, there are no large randomized clinical trials that have been carried out to investigate potential therapeutic benefits of CBN. However, preliminary and observational studies show CBN has several potential benefits that may support overall health and wellness.

Potential Benefits of CBN Include:

CBN may help to support a healthy immune system
CBN may support eye health
CBN may promote restful sleep
CBN may improve appetite
CBN may facilitate faster recovery from bone fractures and wounds
CBN may help to keep bacterial infections at bay
CBN may alleviate pain
CBN may promote recovery from seizure disorders
CBN may be used topically for certain skin conditions
CBN may improve general health and wellness

CBN has several potential benefits that will vary from one person to the next.

How Does CBN Work?

Research has shown that CBN interacts with both the CB1 & CB2 receptors. These receptors belong to the dynamic endocannabinoid system that is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. As much as CBN interacts with the CB1 receptor, it is non-intoxicating. This means that unlike THC, CBN does not cause euphoria.

The Connection between CBN and THC

The popularity of CBN emerged after a 1999 study that was conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This study was investigating cannabis potency loss over time. The study found that THC content in the cannabis sample that was tested had dropped to nearly half of the original potency after a period of four years.

This study also found that as THC oxidized, it was converting to CBN, providing evidence that THC converts directly to CBN over a period of time.

Pharmacological History of CBN

CBN was originally isolated from a red oil cannabis extract in 1896 by a group of researchers. It was actually the first cannabinoid to be isolated and identified from cannabis sativa. This was probably due to the rampant degradation of THC to CBN, due to poor storage conditions.

In the early 1930’s, the structure of CBN was explained by British chemist R.S. Cahn. By then, researchers identified CBN as a degraded version of THC but it didn’t have the intoxicating effects that are found in THC itself.

There is no particular product that has been made with CBN as an isolated cannabinoid. There is reason to believe that by compounding CBN with cannabinoids such as CBD or THC, sedative effects may be achieved. The only way to fully understand CBN’s sedative effect is to thoroughly study it as an isolated compound.

Research on the Sleep Inducing Effects of CBN

Recent research that was spearheaded by Dr. Kaufmann, investigated the sleep-inducing properties of CBN. The study was titled “Use of a Water-Soluble Form of Cannabinol for the Treatment of Sleeplessness”. This was a survey study involving 60 individuals who were suffering from different sleep disorders. The results were published in the International Journal of Complement Alternative Medicine. The research showed that CBN was able to reduce the incidence and severity of different sleep disorders. Some participants in the study were able to fall asleep sooner, remain asleep for a longer duration, and many were able to reduce or eliminate other sleep medications they were taking.

The research also reported that the mechanism by which CBN aided drowsiness is still unknown. It appears unrelated to the actions of melatonin and possibly related to the endocannabinoid receptor response or the mechanism of absorption as a nano treatment.

Where to find CBN Products

CBN can be found in aged cannabis that has been exposed to oxygen. As mentioned above, CBN is an end product of THC that has been exposed to oxygen and light in a decarboxylation process. Consequently, do not expect to find CBN in fresh cannabis flowers.

As more research is being carried out to investigate its potential benefits, reputable CBD brands are zeroing-in on products that contain CBN. These products come in different forms, CBN gummies or tinctures are a popular option. Terpenes and other cannabinoids may also be added for further potential benefits.

If you want to try out a CBN product and don’t know where to start we can guide you through the process. There is a lot to consider when starting cannabinoid therapy but, as always, a Realm of Caring care specialist is here to help with your questions. Contact us today by calling (719) 347-5400 or by emailing info@realmofcaring.org.

Disclaimer

The Realm of Caring Foundation specifically invokes the first amendment rights of freedom of speech and of the press without prejudice. These statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. The products discussed are not intended to diagnose, cure, prevent or treat any disease. Realm of Caring always recommends when and wherever possible that licensed local healthcare professionals be consulted.

Photo Credit: Elsa Olofsson, CBD Oracle

Blog Education

Getting to Know CBDA

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date August 23, 2021

Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is one of three cannabinoid precursor compounds converted from Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). CBGA also converts to the precursor compounds Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and Cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) or may convert to it’s non-acidic form, Cannabigerol (CBG).

The cannabis plant produces cannabinoids as prenylated aromatic carboxylic acids, which are converted to their more neutral forms by way of heat, light, or aging. When decarboxylation occurs, by exposing the cannabis plant to either heat or light, CBDA may convert to CBD.

Research has shown that CBDA may be more potent than CBD, although not as stable of a molecule. Given that CBDA and THCA simply decompose when exposed to light or heat means that they can very easily change from their state. However, chemists have discovered ways to stabilize CBDA so that we may take advantage of this cannabinoid’s potential benefits as an anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and anticancer.

Anti-inflammatory

CBDA inhibits the COX-2 Enzyme. These enzymes are associated with inflammation after injury or infection. Therefore, by blocking COX-2 Enzymes, CBDA may relieve inflammation and associated pain. In a rodent study, equivalent amounts of CBD and CBDA were administered to test efficiency in reducing hyperalgesia. The low amount of CBD was not efficient in reducing this increased sensitivity to pain when exposed to normal stimuli. The CBDA, on the other hand, did reduce hyperalgesia at that same low amount. In the same study, amounts of THC and CBDA so low that they were deemed “ineffective” were administered. When these ineffective, low amounts were combined it was shown in the animal models to have anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesia effects on acute inflammation.

Antiemetic

CBDA affects 5-HT1A Serotonin receptors by enhancing their activation. This action shows promise for CBDA as an antiemetic (anti-nausea).

In studies carried out with rodents, the ability of CBDA to inhibit vomiting induced by toxins or from movement was examined. CBDA appeared to reduce involuntary vomiting and simultaneously delay the onset of nausea and vomiting in response to movement. The effects were more powerful than what was observed with CBD because of the ability of CBDA to enhance 5-HT1A receptor activation.

In addition to discovering these potential benefits, there is also promise for the prevention of anticipatory nausea. Anticipatory nausea is conditioned or psychological nausea, often provoked by a reminder of something that leads to vomiting. An individual going through chemotherapy treatments may experience this, showing further promise as an alternative option to those who are sensitive to the euphoric effects of THC.

Anticonvulsant

CBDA is among other minor cannabinoids in cannabis sativa extracts being researched for its anticonvulsant effects in childhood epilepsies, including Dravet Syndrome. This is because there are various epilepsy-relevant receptors that CBDA may interact with, including 5-HT1A, GPR55, and TRPV1.

CBDA has shown to be anticonvulsant against hyperthermia-induced seizures in rodents. Children with Dravet Syndrome often exhibit seizures that are provoked by fever, suggesting that CBDA may benefit those who suffer from this epilepsy type. These reports are consistent with a report showing CBDA as anticonvulsant against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures; which can be described as general seizures that are chemically induced.

Anticancer

When it comes to cancer models, the anticancer activity of CBDA was investigated on acute lymphocytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia cells, and human prostate carcinoma androgen receptor positive cells. CBDA was found to be less active than CBD for all of these, until tested towards MDA-MB-231 cells, a highly aggressive triple negative breast cancer. CBDA was found to inhibit breast cancer cell migration.

Although there is much promise for the therapeutic potentials of CBDA, it is still considered an understudied compound. Further studies carried out, beyond what preliminary research and anecdotal data is available, is necessary to deepen our knowledge of the possible uses and efficacy. Through a greater understanding we may also be aware of any adverse effects and how to administer so that therapy is most effective.

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Disclaimer

The Realm of Caring Foundation specifically invokes the first amendment rights of freedom of speech and of the press without prejudice. These statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. The products discussed are not intended to diagnose, cure, prevent or treat any disease. Realm of Caring always recommends when and wherever possible that licensed local healthcare professionals be consulted.

Blog Education Featured

How Cannabis Affects Dopamine

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date August 17, 2021

As more states move to legalize cannabis, increasingly more people are warming up to cannabinoid-based therapies. At the same time, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is gaining considerable interest in mental health. This is causing mixed reactions, with some questioning the long-term effects of cannabis use.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that mediates the feeling of pleasure, motivation, and satisfaction in the brain. The release of dopamine motivates one to pursue a pleasurable activity or occupation. A dopamine surge is what makes you feel good after achieving something significant. The right balance of dopamine is vital for both physical and mental wellbeing.

THC is a major cannabinoid of the cannabis plant with clear intoxicating effects. It binds to the CB1 receptor in the brain to elicit its psychoactive properties.

Anandamide, also known as the bliss molecule, is an endogenous cannabinoid that also binds the CB1 receptor. It is not surprising that both anandamide and THC are associated with a feeling of happiness and satisfaction. However, anandamide, unlike THC, is quickly broken down by enzymes and taken out of circulation.

What’s the Link Between Cannabis and Dopamine?

The endocannabinoid system modulates the dopaminergic system through CB1 receptors and endocannabinoids.

Endocannabinoids stimulate the release of dopamine. Certain CB1 antagonists can block this effect, demonstrating that CB1 receptors are involved in the dopaminergic effects of cannabinoids.

The link between cannabis and dopamine has to be the CB1 receptors (part of the endocannabinoid system).

There is evidence of varying effects of acute vs. chronic THC exposure on the dopaminergic system.

Acute Vs. Long-term Cannabis Use

Animal studies have described the interactions that exist between amphetamine (promote dopamine release) and THC. These preliminary studies have demonstrated that the dose of THC consumed potentiates or antagonizes the effects of amphetamines. The researchers in this study proposed that dopamine is “a prime candidate for…the mode of action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol”.

Acute versus longer-term use of THC could have complex effects on dopamine synthesis and release. While early studies with rodents show that low doses of THC increased dopamine synthesis and release, some studies show high doses of THC resulting in decreased dopamine synthesis.

The results from human studies have not been consistent, however there is evidence that there may be reduced dopaminergic function among cannabis users.

Indeed, THC has profound effects on the dopamine system, contributing to its recreational and harmful effects. Unfortunately, there are no randomized human trials that have been carried out to investigate this phenomenon. Additionally, inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical findings pose a significant challenge. One major inconsistency between animal and human studies is that THC, even in acute studies, was not administered to humans in the habitual manner in which it was typically consumed.

The Crux of the Matter

THC’s rewarding properties are triggered by the firing of dopaminergic neurons and the release of dopamine in lower doses. Interactions with the CB1 receptors underpin this process.

Evidence suggests that acute vs. chronic THC exposure to the dopaminergic system will produce different effects; that is the crux of the matter.

Acute exposure to THC may cause increased dopamine release, which is associated with a feeling of pleasure.

On the other hand, chronic or long-term exposure to THC has been linked to blunting of the dopamine system.

While acute exposure to THC may increase a sense of reward and satisfaction, long-term exposure may produce opposite effects. However, the premise of this argument is based on inconclusive, preliminary evidence. Future studies will shed more light on how cannabis affects dopamine over time.

Disclaimer

Blog Education Featured Uncategorized

How Cannabis Concentrates Are Made

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date August 3, 2021

At the turn of the century, cannabis enthusiasts began noticing a steep shift in the market. Regular users started smoking less and dabbing more- heating oily extracts to inhale high concentrations of cannabis. These extracts varied from shatter to wax to batter to dabs and honey. Not only were they more potent, but they were also a cleaner and a more convenient way to consume cannabis. This heralded the beginning of a new era.

At the start, cannabis extracts were made using highly flammable hydrocarbons right in their backyards and garages. This was a precarious affair with consequences of explosive proportions, quite literally.

In recent times, the technology of extracting cannabis has grown in leaps and bounds, and we will take you through each of them in great detail.

What Are The Popular Methods of Cannabis Extraction?

When it comes to cannabis extraction, two main methods exist.

Solvent-based extraction: In this method, solvents are added to the plant material to dissolve the resin, which is the concentrated part of the cannabis plant containing the cannabinoids and terpenes. The solvent is then removed, leaving behind extracts such as shatter, vape oil, or wax.

This method yields what is known as a cannabis extract.

Mechanical or solventless extraction: Mechanical or solventless extraction methods do not use solvents. Instead, the resin is pressed, beaten, or rubbed out of the plant, resulting in kief, rosin, or hash.

This method yields what is known as a cannabis concentrate.

Solvents Used to Make Cannabis Extracts

As discussed earlier, the solvent-based extraction method has been used for quite a long while now.

Let us look in detail at how these solvents work.

Hydrocarbons (Butane, Propane, Hexane, etc.)

Hydrocarbons are used to make butane hash oils (BHO) which includes budder, sauce, wax, shatter, and crumble among others.

Because hydrocarbons are highly flammable, a closed loop system of extraction should be used.

The process of extracting cannabis can be either open-looped or closed-looped. Open-loop systems have exposure to the external environment. When flammable compounds are present, open loop systems can easily cause a fire accident.

Closed-loop systems, on the other hand, are safer but more expensive to implement. Securing the equipment could cost upwards of $30,000 for an average-sized model.

It is also a requirement for manufactures using hydrocarbons to blast-proof the premises. The cost of blast proofing a room could be around $100,000.

CO2 (Supercritical CO2 Extraction)

Supercritical CO2 extraction uses CO2 to separate the different compounds from the cannabis plant material.

The carbon dioxide is subjected to supercritical conditions that causes it to fluctuate between a gas, liquid, and solid-state. It is then passed through the cannabis plant material in a closed loop system to extract the compounds and then the CO2 is evaporated. Because CO2 is a green gas, the extract produced through this method is relatively safe.

Alcohol

Ethanol is a popular solvent used to make super-concentrated Rick Simpson Oil. It follows the same principle used in creating BHO. With ethanol, the solvent is dripped over the flowers and buds of the cannabis plant, which dissolves these compounds. The next step is to eliminate the solvent and remain with the cannabis extract.

However, ethanol has a higher polarity than butane. This means that it extracts impurities such as chlorophyll, which may affect the quality of the final extract.

Non-Solvent-Based Methods for Making Cannabis Concentrates

Solventless extraction is often used when creating concentrates for medicinal use. This is because the concentrates produced through this method are relatively safer.

Shaking, Sifting, and Dry Sifting-Used to Make Kief

Kief, a type of cannabis concentrate, can be made using different mechanical techniques.

One technique that has stood the test of time and is exceptionally safe is the use of a mesh. The cannabis plant material is passed through a mesh and the kief collects at the bottom. The kief is then graded based on the level of purity.

Ice Water Extraction

Bubble hash is a popular cannabis extract that is made using kief that has been Ice Water Extracted. It is the brainchild of Neville Schoenmakers, founder of the first Cannabis Seed Bank.

In this method, the cannabis is placed in a simple jar or bubbleator with water and ice and agitated. The resin is separated by the mechanical force and it is collected. Because it uses water, this method is considered to be one of the safest and cleanest ways of making a pure, high-quality hash that has no impurities. It is also a pretty wholesome method of extraction that leaves you with most of the cannabinoids intact.

Heat and Pressure (Rosin Press)

Rosin is a viscous sap whose appearance can range from clear to very dark, and it can be used in its extracted form or as a base for cannabis edibles. Both a rosin press and a rosin bag use pressure and heat to force the trichomes out of the cannabis leaves and buds.

Types of Cannabis Extracts & Concentrates

Wax/Budder

A runny consistency characterizes wax or budder. These oils are opaque and gooey rather than being hard. It is also easy to roll them onto “a pin and dab,” but they tend to stick to the sides of the packaging container.

Pie Crust/Honeycomb

This is a form of wax/budder which is generally crumbly and brittle. It is, however, softer than shatter. Pie Crust is easier to get out of a jar but is very prone to crumbling.

Shatter

Shatter is an impressively pure cannabis concentrate that is very brittle and translucent, much like glass candy. It is mainly extracted using hydrocarbon solvents such as butane and or propane, making it a particularly potent substance.

Caviar/Jelly Hash

Caviar, also known as moonrocks, are a recent fad in the cannabis scene. Making them involves coating cannabis buds with very high-quality resin, which are then rolled in kief.

Caviar doesn’t always have to be rolled in kief, a resin coat may just suffice.

Conclusion

Cannabis extraction is just in its formative stages. With time, we expect to witness the creation of more efficient and purer methods geared towards the production of medicinal cannabis extracts. We hope that through this article, we have helped you understand how cannabis concentrates are made. Feel free to let us know if we left out anything.

About Realm of Caring

Realm of Caring Foundation (RoC), is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization that was established by parents in 2013 to support families who were out of medical options. By creating educational resources, conducting research, and assisting families with data-rich answers to their questions, RoC continues to be a leader in the cannabinoid (cannabis/hemp) field. RoC’s no-cost Care Team has served more than 65,000 clients worldwide and supports a network of over 2,000 medical professionals. To learn more about participating or to donate to this cause, visit www.realmofcaring.org or call 1-888-210-3772.

Blog Education Featured Uncategorized

Cannabidiol (CBD) Product Use and Health Among People with Epilepsy

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date July 27, 2021

Understanding RoC’s latest published research on cannabinoid therapy and epilepsy

Between April 2016 and July 2020 individuals who are registered with the Realm of Caring Foundation participated in an observational research study with Realm of Caring and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Of the 1,783 individuals enrolled in this online, self-reported survey researchers identified a sample size of 418 participants. Of the 418 participants, 93% had listed epilepsy as their primary medical condition with the remaining noting epilepsy as a secondary medical condition. In this sample size, there were 71 adults and 209 adult caregivers of children or dependent adults who were utilizing CBD products for medicinal use. In addition, there was a control group of 29 adults and 109 adult caregivers who were considering CBD use but had not yet begun.

The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate how CBD product use is associated with quality of life, mental health, healthcare utilization, and epilepsy-specific outcomes within a large, observational group of people with epilepsy.

The average age of the participants were 21 years old, with 51% being under 18 years of age. Of the 418 participants, 280 identified using a CBD product while the remaining 138 served as controls as they were not using cannabis-based products. The majority (90%) had no history of recreational cannabis use and of the CBD products that were listed as used, most could be verified as a CBD-dominant, cannabis-based product. In-depth information from 110 participants in the study helped to conclude that the calculated median dose of CBD was 50mg/day, which equated to 1.4mg/kg/day.

Compared with controls, CBD Users had a greater health satisfaction, higher ratings of quality of life, and better scores on psychological health. Taking a deeper look, CBD Users reported lower anxiety and depression and improved sleep scores.

Other findings that were of significance relate to pharmaceutical use, healthcare visits, and caregiver burden. CBD Users had lower instances of reported prescription medication use, lower medication-related adverse effects, less ER visits, and less missing school and/or work days. In addition, caregivers of CBD Users that noted consistent use through the follow-up period reported significant decreases in the Caregiver Burden total score.

Out of the 280 CBD Users, 79% did not report any adverse effects. Among the remaining CBD Users 11% reported drowsiness, 4% reported a worsening of epilepsy symptoms, 4% reported high or prohibitive cost of CBD products, 3% reported barriers related to legality, and 3% reported concerns of drug to drug interactions.

The findings from this study emphasize the need for additional research to determine optimal methods for CBD product use for epilepsy treatment. Determining best CBD product types, doses, and administration alongside pharmaceuticals would provide us with a better understanding of how to maximize benefits while minimizing potential risks. While observational approaches, such as this study, allow for evaluation of CBD product use in an individual’s natural environment, future work is needed in more controlled settings to extend the findings of this research.

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Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evaluation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Product Use and Health Among People with Epilepsy is authored by: Justin C. Strickland, Heather Jackson, Nicolas J. Schlienz, Jay A. Salpekar, Erin L. Martin, Joel Munson, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, and Ryan Vandrey.

For general inquiries, please contact info@realmofcaring.org or call (719) 347-5400

For media inquiries, please contact rocteam@mygrasslands.com

Join our research!

Realm of Caring and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have developed the Observational Research Registry (ORR) to better understand medicinal cannabis use and its impact on key health outcomes including healthcare utilization, chronic pain, anxiety and depression, caregiver burden, epilepsy, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our registered clients provide critical information that leads to important insights into the therapeutic capabilities of medicinal cannabis. The ORR helps us develop client educational resources and may ultimately serve to legitimize the medicinal use of cannabis.

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Blog Education Featured

Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act (CAOA): A Review

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date July 21, 2021

Earlier this year, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) stated that cannabis reform is a priority for 2021. On February 1st he announced on Twitter that “The War on Drugs has been a war on people, and particularly people of color. Ending the federal marijuana prohibition is necessary to right the wrongs of this failed war.” Schumer began working alongside Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ) and Senate Finance Committee Chairman Ron Wyden (D-OR) on draft legislation, detailing the proposed policy change at a federal level. Their released, joint statement showed promise for “comprehensive reform to ensure restorative justice, protect public health and implement responsible taxes and regulations.”

In 2020, the Democrat-controlled House approved the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act to federally legalize cannabis, which was blocked at the Senate level. Advocates have since been waiting in anticipation for a new piece of legislation to bring promise to the future of cannabis reform.

On July 14th of this year, Schumer, Booker, and Wyden introduced the 163-page discussion draft to address areas of concern and potential improvements in five main sections:

Decriminalization of Cannabis, Recognition of State Law Controlling Cannabis
Research, Training, and Prevention
Restorative Justice Opportunity Program
Taxation of Cannabis and Establishment of Trust Fund
Public Health, Cannabis Administration, and Trade Practices

The bill aims to “decriminalize and deschedule cannabis, to provide for reinvestment in certain persons adversely impacted by the War on Drugs, to provide for expungement of certain cannabis offenses, and for other purposes”.

As Schumer explained at the July 14th press conference, “It’s a draft bill and we’re going to now go to our colleagues and ask explicitly of all of them: what don’t you support here? What can you support here? We’re going to get something done and we’ll have to figure out the best way to get that done but we are going to get something done.”

To best serve our community, we have outlined the main points of each above mentioned section to include a benefit and need for improvement based on what has been proposed in the draft. Realm of Caring will also be submitting written commentary to the United States Senate Committee on Finance.

Decriminalization of Cannabis, Recognition of State Law Controlling Cannabis

The most noteworthy aspect of the bill is that it would remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act within 60 days of enactment. This fulfills one of the main goals of descheduling.

To clarify, this does not federally legalize cannabis. Descheduling by removal from the Controlled Substances Act is a step in the right direction for the cannabis industry as it means that cannabis may be treated and regulated similar to alcohol and tobacco. However, state law would still control the possession, production, and/or distribution of cannabis products. Although cannabis would be descheduled, a state has the choice of whether or not they want to legalize cannabis. And if states legalize the sale of cannabis, then this section also establishes 21 years old as the minimum age to purchase.

Research, Training, and Prevention

The background for this section illustrates the plea from researchers to have access to cannabis that is used in real-world recreational and adult markets for clinical trials. It states that “the DEA’s past failures to expand federally-approved production of cannabis have further limited the productivity of their research”. However, the emphasis on conducting research for the plants medicinal ability is an afterthought lost amid the research geared towards finding damaging effects. There are detailed, time-bound goals for determining the societal impacts (i.e. traffic related deaths and violent crime rates) as well as providing funding to states to collect data and raise awareness on driving under the influence of cannabis. However, Section 202, directs the Department of Health and Human Services and National Institute of Health a hodgepodge of topics including effects on the human brain and impact of health conditions and only one mention of identifying the “potential medical benefits”.

Legitimate research to understand the medical benefits of cannabis allows for an opportunity to truly de-stigmatize the plant. When introducing the draft, Booker mentioned meeting the families who were moving to legal states to source a life-saving therapy. He recalls, “the brave young girl sitting in a wheelchair had over, at times, 100 (seizures) a day. And her mother was what you call a ‘marijuana refugee’ because it was illegal in her state. So she moved to a state where marijuana had been legalized at the state level but she talked about the fact that she was still violating federal law, and that she could be prosecuted, that the person that was providing it could be prosecuted, that universities couldn’t study marijuana to get the dosage right for her child.” Based on this speech, one might argue that making research a priority at the federal level for finding “potential medical benefits” should be a priority, not an afterthought.

Restorative Justice Opportunity Program

This section carries the most weight of the draft and potentially holds the most benefit as it aims to achieve “justice for those targeted and hard hit by the War on Drugs”. Here we have the goal to decriminalize, or to stop treating cannabis involvement as illegal or a criminal offense. This section:

Establishes a definition for an “individual adversely impacted by the War on Drugs”.
Restores access to federal benefits to those affected by a cannabis offense.
Provides funding to eligible states and localities to assist with small business loans in the cannabis industry owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.
Expunges arrests and convictions for non-violent federal cannabis offenses.
Prohibits individuals from being denied federal public benefit on the basis of cannabis possession or conviction of a cannabis offense.
Prohibits federal agencies from using past or present cannabis use to deny or rescind a security clearance.
Allows health care workers and physicians employed by the Veterans Affairs (VA) and Indian Health Service (IHS) to provide recommendations regarding cannabis use.
Disallows events relating to cannabis as a reason to deny any benefit or protection under immigration laws to non-citizens.

Non-violent federal cannabis offense excludes many individuals incarcerated for ancillary charges as well as cannabis offenses. While the “non-violent federal cannabis offense” may be expunged, the drug-related offenses connected to the cannabis offenses may not (such as money laundering, property crime, or racketeering), leaving several individuals vulnerable to resentencing. There needs to be clearly defined literature and timeline requirements in this section as well. Those affected should have an understanding of what it means to have these convictions expunged when re-entering society, and to have transparency on when release or removal from their record would take place, if eligible.

Taxation of Cannabis and Establishment of Trust Fund

Taxes imposed for cannabis businesses federally are modeled after taxes imposed on alcohol and tobacco. The rate of tax established for cannabis businesses would be 10% for the first year of enactment as well as the first full year after enactment. Every year after, the tax rate would increase by 5% until year 5 where the tax would be based on a per-ounce rate for cannabis flower, or per-milligram of THC rate for extract.

There is an eligibility for a 50% reduction in taxes, via a tax credit, for small cannabis producers with less than $20 million in sales annually.

These taxes would be allocated a follows:

40% towards the Small Business Act
- The Small Business Investment Act that offers technical assistance and loans to socially and economically disadvantaged business owners.
- The Equitable Licensing Grant Program will provide funding to those eligible states and localities for implementing cannabis licensing programs to minimize barriers for individuals negatively affected by the War on Drugs.
60% to the Attorney General to carry out section 3052(a) (50%) and 3052(b) (10%) of part OO of the Omni-bus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
- The Community Reinvestment Grant Program to fund nonprofits who provide services to individuals adversely impacted by the War on Drugs (i.e. job skills training, reentry services, and legal aid).

The creation of the Opportunity Trust fund, while altruistic in nature, creates a financial burden to cannabis businesses and cannabis consumers. Consumers may be subjected to as high as a 37% sales tax on retail cannabis in certain states. Heavy taxes place unreasonable burden on the consumer who may be relying on cannabis as their medicine – whether or not purchased medically or recreationally.

Public Health, Cannabis Administration, and Trade Practices

The final section first recognizes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the primary federal regulatory authority for the manufacture and marketing of cannabis products. It also recognizes the Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) as the primary federal regulatory authority over the taxation of cannabis products and trade practices of cannabis enterprises.

A potential benefit of this section is that it would allow manufactures of cannabis products to make claims about the benefit of their products in the same way that other dietary supplements do. They would be allowed to make “structure-function” claims (how the product would affect the structure or function of the body) as long as the claims are supported by scientific evidence and accompanied by an FDA statement.

Closing Statements

There is no question that we, as a country, have a moral obligation to build restorative measures for those who have been negatively affected by the War of Drugs. Black and brown people and communities have been unfairly targeted and are still paying the price for an exploding industry that the majority of Americans believe should be legal for recreational or medical use. If we want to reinvest in these communities fully, we need to accept responsibility for the decades-long stigma as well.

If we are to empower states to implement their own cannabis laws, as the draft suggests, then we need to provide these states with research and actionable, time-bound steps to give these mentioned sections substance. The sections are left ambiguous at best and do not work towards destigmatizing cannabis. Through the comments of stakeholders we hope to see more clearly defined objectives and terms, more emphasis on research, and less burden on the current cannabis consumer.

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CBG: Researched Benefits

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date July 13, 2021

Over 120 compounds have been isolated from Cannabis Sativa. Of these, the most studied are cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); however research is expanding to discover the actions of additional cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG).

CBG was first discovered and synthesized by Raphael Mechoulam and Yehiel Gaoni in 1964. It is derived from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which has been coined as the “mother of all cannabinoids” as it is a precursor of major cannabinoids that further decarboxylate to additional cannabinoids. In the cannabis plant, CBGA directly converts to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) through processes known as CBDA synthase, THCA synthase, and CBCA synthase. CBGA will also decarboxylate to CBG once heated, becoming a very stable molecule.

Evidence from experiments show that CBG is devoid of the non-euphoric abilities of THC and that it has therapeutic potential for specific conditions.

Medical cannabis (THC) or nabilone can be recommended to cancer patients as a means to stimulate their appetite while undergoing conventional treatments. Although effective, there is the potential for undesirable, euphoric side effects. Data has demonstrated in animal tests that CBG significantly increases total food intake in that animals studied began feeding sooner, consumed more meals and consumed more during those meals.

Animal studies have also shown CBG to reduce the effects of inflammatory bowel disease and the development and growth of colon cancer, hypothesizing that CBG may be a promising therapeutic agent for prevention and as a curative medicine. CBG has shown to increase the rate of tissue recovery in the colon, reduce inflammation, and reduce tumor formation and growth in a model of colorectal cancer.

Several studies, in vitro and in animal models, have shown CBG to have neuroprotective potential for reducing the severity of neurological illnesses, such as Huntington disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS). The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits contribute to reducing glutamate-induced oxidative stress and cell death, as shown in mouse models.

Metabolic syndrome is considered a cluster of five conditions that may lead to heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. It is diagnosed when someone has three or more of the five conditions, being: high blood glucose, low levels of “good” cholesterol in the blood, high levels of triglycerides in the blood, a large waist circumference, and/or high blood pressure. It contributes to the highest rates of healthcare costs and preventable deaths. CBG has recently been compared to rosiglitazone, a pharmaceutical known to improve adipogenesis, a process essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It was found that CBG and CBG/CBD combinations provided similar results as rosiglitazone, supporting the exploration of CBG as a potential therapeutic for metabolic syndrome and related conditions.

Many cannabinoids have been confirmed to have antibacterial properties, however, CBG has been noted among the most potent cannabinoids when tested against strains of Staphylococcus aureus (the most dangerous of the staphylococcal bacteria responsible for causing skin infections, pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections).

Evidence from certain preliminary studies that indicate antidepressant activity show the possibility for CBG to have additional clinical applications for mood disorders, such as depression or anxiety as well as disorders of executive function, such as schizophrenia and ADHD. More studies are necessary to confirm these hypotheses.

Although there is therapeutic promise for the potentials of CBG, there is much more research to be completed and considered to better understand the complete utility of CBG to include adverse events and how to administer so that therapy is effective. It is noteworthy to mention that there have been no published human studies with CBG to date. Much is left to learn and research recommends that the medical community invest in further CBG research as interest and popularity of the cannabinoid increases.

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Surprising Facts You Likely Didn’t Know About Cannabis

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date June 17, 2021

The question of whether or not cannabis or its components should be used in the mainstream has sparked tremendous interest in recent years. Hemp/cannabis is one of the first crops to be domesticated and one of the fastest-growing ever.

The plant has a rich history, which includes some fascinating details. If you’re a cannabis enthusiast, you might be interested in finding out these surprising facts.

1. Cannabis itself is unlikely to cause you harm

Medical experts believe that it is near impossible to overdose on cannabis as there is no realistic lethal dose of cannabis following consumption. There have been zero recorded cases of people dying from consuming cannabis alone. In contrast, around 85,032 of deaths per year can be traced back to alcohol. This is because cannabis has more effects on memory and coordination rather than brain functions.

Just as with consuming too much caffeine, it may be unpleasant and uncomfortable if you feel you have taken too much, but with time it will pass. You may experience symptoms such as lethargy, anxiety, paranoia, and/or low blood pressure that may lead to nausea.

The issue with huge doses, particularly with edibles, is that one can ingest so much THC that leads to poor risk management and decision making.

It is important to start with a low amount and work your way up as you learn best how your body responds. Our Care Team Specialists are ready and willing to support you, simply sign-up here.

2. Who Loves Cannabis the Most?

This may seem surprising to a lot of people but the answer is actually: the people of Iceland. Data from UNODC reveals that 18.3% of Icelanders that are between the ages of 15 and 64 use cannabis.

What is even more surprising is that cannabis use, possession, or cultivation are illegal in Iceland and are punishable by harsh penalties. Even CBD, with all of its proven health benefits, is prohibited due to its possible association with THC.

The sole kind of medicinal cannabis permitted in the country is Sativex. This is a spray that is frequently recommended to Muscular Dystrophy patients.

3. Remedy for Ancient Emperors

In 2737 B.C. cannabis was recorded as being used medicinally for the first time in the far lands of China. Emperor Shen Nung discovered the healing powers of cannabis, along with two of the most prominent cornerstones of Chinese herbal medicine, ginseng and ephedra. The emperor reportedly used cannabis for pain relief from rheumatism and gout discomfort.

The oldest known references of cannabis were found by historians in ancient Indian and Chinese texts as part of their folk medicine. While use of cannabis was generally done through tea or edible extracts in ancient times, smoking it is a modern phenomenon.

Back then, it was used to heal and ease over 100 illnesses, including malaria, vomiting, parasitic infections, and hemorrhaging.

4. Do Men and Women Respond Differently to Cannabis?

A study reveals the fascinating relationship of cannabis with both genders. Turns out that a man and a woman of similar circumstances can start smoking the same weed but end up having quite different short and long-term effects.

At the end of this 10-day study, female rats showed a significant tolerance to THC when compared to men. Even when they were administered 30% less than the male rats.

What was also found, is that women may be more sensitive to cannabis than men. It was actually found that women are more susceptible to THC in cannabis while they are ovulating.

Despite findings in this study, the fact remains that individual reactions to cannabis vary among women, according to each one’s current hormone levels and menstrual cycles.

5. Is Cannabis the Answer to Cancer?

Cancer research has revealed promising outcomes with the use of cannabis. Not only does it have the capacity to destroy cancer cells and ease cancer symptoms, it can also alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy such as nausea and loss of appetite. So cancer patients may greatly benefit from the therapeutic powers of cannabis.

Current strategies to combat cancer utilize combined therapies, to target cancer cells and tumor growth. The research that supports cannabis use gives us the idea that cannabinoids with other anticancer agents work together to slow down or cease the progression of cancer-types. Anecdotally, many cancers respond well to a CBD:THC ratio, although the exact milligram needed to be an antiangiogenic or cause apoptosis is unknown and can vary depending on the cancer type and stage.

There is a lot to consider when starting cannabinoid therapy but, as always, a Realm of Caring care specialist is here to help with your questions. Contact us today by calling (719) 347-5400 or by emailing info@realmofcaring.org.

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PTSD & Cannabinoid Therapy: Researched Benefits

Post author By Sasha Kalcheff-Korn
Post date June 14, 2021

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined by the PTSD Foundation of America as a psychiatric disorder that can occur following the experience or witnessing of lifethreatening event such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or physical or sexual assault in adult or childhood. June is PTSD Awareness Month, intended to raise public awareness about related issues, reduce associated stigma, and help to ensure that those who suffer from the invisible wounds receive proper treatment so that they may have a better quality of life.

Recent studies have pointed towards the ways in which cannabinoid therapy may help alleviate associated symptoms such as anxiety, nightmares, increased alertness, panic attacks, depression, and overwhelming emotions. Here we will discover the research-backed therapeutic actions of cannabinoids and how they may work to bring about relief.

Due to the modulating effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) and considering the many body processes that the ECS regulates, CBD has seen increased research for potential value in several conditions. One of the regulated areas are physiological functions, such as memory and emotion. Therefore, CBD has been researched for its effectiveness among generalized anxiety disorders, depression, and traumatic memories. Animal studies have shown that CBD is effective in reducing cardiovascular and anxiety responses caused by stress. For example, administered CBD lowered responses related to trauma when administered both before an event and when retrieving the aversive memory. These effects have been suggested to possibly promote the extinction of fear memories through CBD use.

In addition to the processing of traumatic events that lead to aversive memories, animal studies have also shown favorable effects of CBD in sleep disorders, another common manifestation of PTSD symptoms. CBD has been researched for its therapeutic potential for sleep disorders through limiting symptoms that may keep us awake at night (pain, anxiety, inflammation) but also may contribute to an increase in sleep duration and quality.

Confirming benefits seen in animal studies in humans is essential to efficacy and provides validation. The first evidence of CBD in the extinction of fear-based learning in humans was studied in 2013. It was found that CBD was successful in helping to extinguish the memory as well as avoid recall of an electric shock, showing the potential as a therapy for anxiety disorders.

Pertaining to several conditions across 11 adults with PTSD, the clinical benefit of CBD for symptom relief was studied in 2019. It was administered alongside medical treatment, psychiatric medications, and psychotherapy for 8 weeks. From the sample of this study, 91% of individuals saw a decrease in symptom severity

Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, was approved for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea in 1982 by Health Canada and has been since studied for potential benefits. Researchers have found similar effects between nabilone and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and benefits among those experiencing PTSD. Results from two studies, one among prison inmates and the other among varied traumatic circumstances showed statistically significant improvements in nightmare occurrences and/or severity, therefore an improvement in quality of sleep. Studies, such as these, show support for further research as well as potentially utilizing acute administrations of THC, or medical cannabis, to alleviate sleep disturbances among individuals living with PTSD.

If you are seeking data-driven answers to your questions about this cannabinoid therapy and PTSD, Realm of Caring (RoC) can help. RoC has 8 years of collected data and research based on individuals utilizing plant-based therapies. They can guide you through product selection, dosing and administration, how to talk with your doctor, and the results individuals are realizing.

The RoC Care Team is here to assist. They care a lot about helping you to find success. Reach them by calling (719) 347-5400, emailing info@realmofcaring.org, or by scheduling an appointment.

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