Abstract
As accessibility and legalization of cannabis rise throughout the United States (US), programs have sought guidance about whether its use should be considered a contraindication or, if not a contraindication, what recommendations patients should receive regarding appropriate use before and after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS). In this review, medical, nutritional, pharmacological, and psychological considerations are presented by a multidisciplinary group of members of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS). Research suggests several risks associated with long-term cannabis use in the general population, but research in the MBS population, specifically, is limited. Cannabis use is not associated with most postoperative complications but is associated with mental health concerns and disordered eating in patients who have undergone MBS. Research regarding weight loss outcomes is mixed, with most studies showing no significant association. Severe cannabis use appears to have more clinical significance than mild to moderate use, as it is associated with longer lengths of stay and medical complications. While an active cannabis use disorder is considered a contraindication, requiring treatment and abstinence before proceeding with surgery, the state of the literature is not strong enough to suggest that occasional or medical cannabis use is an absolute contraindication to MBS. Decisions about cannabis protocols should be made at the MBS program level, and patients should be fully informed about the risks of ongoing use.